Final project Public health Unit2 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Last task Public wellbeing Unit2 - Term Paper Example alth specialists, survey the strength of a populace, analyze network issues, looks for the reasons for those issues, and devises techniques to fix them (Schneider, 2011, p. 5-6). General Health improves unfailingly, being ascribed to the verifiably well known countenances behind the improvement of Public Health Unit. John Snow is one of the amazing individuals that contributed in Public Health. John Snow is an English doctor and an innovator in the appropriation ofâ anesthesiaâ and medicalâ hygiene. Snow was conceived on March 15, 1813 in York, England and was the first of nine kids conceived from William and Frances Snow in their North Street home. Snow concentrated in York until the age of 14 and turned into the student of William Hardcastle, a specialist in Newcastle-upon-Tyneâ and doctor to George Stephensonâ and family. John Snow is considered as one of the Fathers of Epidemiology as a result of his work in following the wellspring of a cholera episode in Soho, England, in 1854 (Vinten-Johansen, 2011, n.p.). In accordance with this, Epidemiology is an order that portrays, measures, and proposes causal components, for wellbeing marvels in populaces. Utilizing the consequences of epidemiologic examinations, general wellbeing specialists are helped in their journey to control medical issues, for example, infection flare-ups. The study of disease transmission is gotten from epidemica, a term that gives a quick hint to its topic. It is worried about the circulation and determinants of wellbeing and maladies, dreariness, wounds, inability, mortality in populaces (Friis and Sellers, 2009, p. 5-6). In 1854, Snow exhibited that cholera rates were connected with water siphon use in London. Snow explored the zone around Golden Square in London and come to the end result that cholera was not conveyed by terrible air, or fundamentally by direct contact. He framed the supposition that looseness of the bowels, unwashed hands, and shared food by one way or another had a huge impact in spreading the malady. Day off, the first run through, connected the wellsprings of drinking

ELEVATOR PARKING SYSTEM IN TURKEY Research Paper

Lift PARKING SYSTEM IN TURKEY - Research Paper Example It is along these lines inescapable for the organization to utilize a compelling marking and promoting procedure that is proposed at wining the steadfastness of purchasers to the brand. The joining of innovation inside the capacity and lift administrations is one of the most huge qualities of the organization. This is because of the way that innovation is progressively being applied and acknowledged inside business forms (Hume 35). In such manner it is obvious that the picture of the organization id supported inside the market when contrasted with contenders. Furthermore the value, uniqueness and cost adequacy of the stopping framework mirrors its preferred position over business rivals and henceforth a business quality. Moreover the company’s brand has just settled inside the market which improves it at a situation inside the market. The seriousness of the organization inside the market is being tested by serious organizations. The seriousness radiates from the organizations that give the stopping and capacity administrations and the new participants in the market. Moreover, the organization is confronted with a test in its showcasing system. This is one of the shortcomings looked by the organization in light of the fact that the showcasing methodology isn't intended to accomplish the faithfulness of clients to the brand. The Turkey advertise is described by various market sections, for example, the center average workers who own vehicles, families, the rich and the well off. These market portions mirror the huge open doors inside the market which would be used by the organization. Furthermore the organization has a chance of extending its market through utilization of viable marking and advertising procedures. It is contended that through compelling advertising correspondence, organizations can advance the devotion of shoppers to the brand (Trumfio 43). The opposition inside this business from

Descriptive Essay Final Copy Free Essays

I snatch my pack and a barrette from the vanity on out the entryway, tying my midsection length earthy colored hair in a tangle as I hustle down the steps. My nana remains at the oven, mixing the pot of sauce she is making for breakfast. Behind her stands my papaw, energetically yanking her pig tail each time she pivots. We will compose a custom article test on Clear Essay Final Copy or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now From the start one would imagine that they make an odd couple, with my nana being just five feet tall, with fox-red hair and hazel green eyes, in close to consummate differentiation to my papaw who is a huge man, standing about six foot four, with eyes the shade of the sky and white air that was once dark black. Yet, as they snicker and play remaining there in the kitchen, I realize this spot would amount to nothing on the off chance that they were any extraordinary. I slip on my boots at the entryway, and stumble into the field to the old wooden animal dwellingplace, its red has since quite a while ago blurred, and the metal entryway handles are secured with rust. Connect and snatch the corroded handle and pull, hearing the old pivots squeak and moan as the entryway opens. Strolling into the animal dwellingplace can smell the new roughage, and the waiting smell of the old moonshine still that sits in the corner, unattended for quite a long time, however left for the old fashioned look. I ascend the stepping stool to the space, and swim through the heaps of roughage until arrive at the little entryway that opens onto the rooftop. Move out onto the rooftop and stroll as far as possible of the outbuilding. There plunk down, my leg hanging over the edge of the dark shingled rooftop. I sit and watch as the deer stumble into the field, and as the train pass by down close to the waterway. Reach in my pack and pull out my sketch cushion and charcoals. I draw all that I see, the stream, the winged creatures, and the mountains. After I finish, move down and rush to the house; stop at the entryway, inclining own to pull off my boots. I open the entryway, and venture into the kitchen, the floor is warm from the warmth of the old white oven, making little beads of buildup structure on the spotted blue backdrop. Nana has just prepared the table, her blurred blue and white china resting before three seats on the blue decorative spread that covers the profound earthy colored oak table. On each plate sit two rolls, brilliant and glimmering with margarine, joined by hotdog and singed eggs. Get the pot from the Stove and spoon the thick, rich sauce onto everyone’s plates. The steam ascends from each plate like a tuft of smoke from a modest fire, taking with it the brilliant smell of my nana’s cooking. As we plunk down to eat, we hold hands and my papaw gives the gift; saying thanks to God for the nourishment he has given on this day, and for a long time h?s had with the awesome lady who cooked it. See my nana grin with affection for my papaw, her head despite everything bowed in supplication as we state ‘amen. ‘ As we raise our heads, I grin as well, realizing that this spot is loaded up with affection and chuckling and consistently will be. Instructions to refer to Descriptive Essay Final Copy, Essays

Furniture Vietnam Industry and Competitive Structure - Free Essay Example

Research Project: Furniture VIETNAM à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Industry and Competitive Structure Outline General View 2 3 Over all attractiveness of Industry General View. Vietnam presents a solid wood industry, with around 3,400 wood production companies in operation, 95% of which are privately owned and the remaining 5% are state-owned. About 16% of the total corporations obtain foreign direct investment (FDI). At this time there are a range of countries that have invested in the timber industry in Vietnam. Taiwan presently maintains the largest amount of companies in Vietnam (200), followed by the Republic of Korea (40), United Kingdom (uk) (30), Japan (25), and China (23). Over 2012 (the up-to-date information accessible at the moment of publishing this note), wood trade income placed 5th among the exported products, hitting over US$ 3.4 billion dollars. The present tendency of market indicates the fast development of the industry. The Vietnamese wood industry is actually export-oriented, with the United States and European Union as the two principal locations, totaling for around 80 % of the wood trade profits. Resources availability Yearly in Vietnam, over 6-7 million m3 round wood corresponding (RWE) are used for the furniture sector. In 2013, the whole volume of wood gathered from Vietnam was 4 million m3 RWE of which 3.7 million m3 (95%) are from forest plantations and the residual 0.3 million m3RWE from all-natural forests. Wood gathered through plantations is usually small, so almost all of the manufacture is utilized. In general, Vietnam has to import over 4 4.5 million m3 RWE every year to furniture processing, or over 60 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 70% of the entire wood necessary for that industry. By 2013, Vietnam owned 3 million ha of planting forests lands. In general, the location addressed by plantation forests grows over 150,000 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 250,000 ha every year. The Vietnam Forest improvement places a goal in which by 2020 the whole area of estate forests in Vietnam will likely be 4 million ha. Nevertheless, the accessibility of area for forest plantations offers a huge concern, because most of the area where could possibly be utilized for forest plantations has currently been designated to individuals and also several organizations. Numbers of enterprises The amount of companies inside Vietnam is over 2.400. This amount has grown fast, approximately 17% each year. Timber handling firms are mutually spread from the northern area and the southern area. Foreign trade income, in contrast, is primarily originated through firms over the south. The timber production firms in Vietnam is actually small-scaled, equally in terms of work force as well as total funds spent in manufacture. Companies/Size and Growth/Rate Graph Industry Structure Vietnam offers an extensive history of manufacturing furniture, however Vietnam looks like newbie to the community of international industry furniture for exterior as well as interior desing. Timber furniture manufacture in Vietnam is held over in either craft c ommunities and by professional handling manufacturer. The larger manufacturing processing of timber furniture, other than regular, in Vietnam is concentrated in 3 principal locations: Southern area Vietnam Binh Dinh province, the main highland Gia Lai and southern Vietnam, Ho chi minh. Those 3 locations accounts for the highest of Vietnamà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s exports of wood furniture, particularly the southern region as well as the south central districts. Vietnam furniture exports come to 2,400 local as well as 300 international corporations. The industry hires 325,000 individuals, and also is one of the crucial leading trade industries of Vietnam. The sector has brought substantially progress of living standards for individuals in various country locations of Vietnam. The improvement of the wood furniture sector also delivers potential for the improvement of different sectors in the region like equipment, components, finishing products, adhesives, veneers, machines, and service sectors in consulting, software, advertising, transportation, and funding etc. The leading international businesses in Vietnam are Taiwan, Japan, Sweden, and Singapore. Virtually all international investments in this industry target production to export. Besides the leading economies of the world currently being questioned due to the fact of the international financial situation, furniture exports of Vietnam continue to grow in 2013, hitting US$7 million, up 20% in comparison to 2012. As a consequence, Vietnam placed as the globe sixth place exporter and count 2 in Southeast Asia. Vietnam furniture goods ended up purchased by customers of more than 110 nations, with the United States, China, European Union and Japan importing the most. The UNITED STATES ended up being responsible of 40% of the income, China 16%, European Union 13%, Japan 12%, and the specialized rising market of South Korea 4%. The wood goods sector in Vietnam is defined by most of small-scale suppliers, which are a lot more versatile however lag under their international competitors in terms of efficiency, promotion and actual fashions knowledge, other than controlling expertise. The Northern clusters are the production facilities for home decorations and reliable timber standard Vietnamese furniture with exports mainly to Asian nations. Based on Hawaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s approximate, the North reports for just 11% of the general manufacture. Binh Dinh, as well as Nhon are home to plenty outdoors furniture producers. Reliable timber outdoor furniture is widely produced in this location in which it is fairly simpler to purchase wood through Vietnamese and also surrounding nationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ providers, also due to the fact the country is well linked to both Laos and Cambodia. At the same time, producers in the Southern region are concentrating not only on outdoors but also interior furniture. In this region, we can easily locate many leading suppliers of middle-high or even high standard interior furniture, which tend to be offered in the local market and to export. A mix of Vietnamese owned and foreign-managed businesses can be found there. Ho Chi Minh City additionally has various large-scale production facilities, which have thousands of employees in advanced manufacture lines, and it is home to around 73% of 650 prominent furniture companies. Especially, timber manufacture and export in Duong area, which is a next-door neighbor of Ho Chi Minh City, has been growing in present years. Nowadays, Binh Duong has over 365 timber running companies, of that almost 110 are international ones. Since 2002, overall trade of Duong is almost 2.4 billion dollars. Duong area trade in the beginning 8 months of 2011 achieved 166.4 million dollars, with a boost of over 14.5% in comparison to the same time in 2010. An additional point that need be viewed is the poor focus to items style. Numerous businesses produce furniture with layouts and requirements supplied b y their clients. Enhancements have been accomplished primarily on manufacturing innovation and its productivity, while the sector as a whole has minimal design know-how. Internal Market Around 70% of furniture goods consumed in the nation is imported from nearby international locations like China, Malaysia and also Thailand, and that the leftover 30% is primarily manufactured through Vietnamese-owned, small-scale companies. The organizations sells its goods in the local market obtain timber through several places in the nation, such as plantations and domestic gardens. Although the vast majority of items sold in local markets are created from ordinary and low-value wood. Clearly, regionally manufactured furniture has ruled the market by its considerable production. Nevertheless, the nation has also imported a specific amount of furniture to provide its marketà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s different needs. Leading consumers of foreign furniture are rich people, international expats. Ma rket and high-class workplace structures that are mostly found in larger metropolitan areas of the nation, such as Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. The leading cities in which most of leading importers/suppliers of furniture are situated consist of Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. For the foreign furniture, many of importers are also the vendors and they usually promote the goods in their own showroom. Aside from lower and moderate retailers in which Chinese furniture is primarily found, imported furniture is generally located in showrooms of the importers. Nowadays they are also promoting in department shops which consumers are rich individuals. Government Regulations Trade Regulations, Customs and Standards Import Tariffs Vietnam considerably lowered its tax rates on several goods of interest to the United States once it signed up with the WTO in January 2007. As an outcome, the absolute majority of UNITED STATES. Exports nowadays face charges of 15 % or less. Nevertheless , in present years, Vietnam has improved utilized tariff costs on a range of goods, and while the costs continue under its World Trade Organization boundary levels, international companies have been impacted by the increases. UNITED STATES business has also revealed high tariffs charged on some agricultural and manufactured goods such as fresh food, fresh and frozen meats, and materials and machinery, by which tax reduction might generate important unique possibilities. The United States and Vietnam are presently discussing preferential tax concessions in the framework of the TPP agreements. Business Obstacles Vietnam removed numerous nontariff barriers underneath the 2001 United States-Vietnam Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) and throughout its addition to the World Trade Organization, such as quantitative limits on imports, quotas, restrictions,, prior agreement requirements, certification requirements, and some other limitations creating the same result, that showed up to be discrepant with its World Trade Organization obligations. Nevertheless, several other nontariff barriers persist. Forest for Production Because the announcement of the Doi Moi (restoration) plan in the 1980s, the forest area in Viet Nam has underwent significant adjustments. Conventional forest that stressed wood exploitation has transformed to socialize forest that has opened opportunities for wide engagement in forest production, forest protection, and handling of wood from planting forests in order to satisfy the wood needs of local and also international markets. Crucial drivers of this plan consist of policy changes not only in the forest field, but also in other fields such as international trade. Investing Obstacles Vietnamà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s investing regulation establishes requirements assigning specific industries in which international investment is forbidden and others in which international investment is matter to conditions. Investing in conditional ind ustries and other projects are matter to considerable and further analysis, often needing the Prime Ministers endorsement, which can often postpone the endorsement of investment permits. All area in Vietnam is possessed and handled by the authorities, and none foreign nationals nor Vietnamese can acquire land. The 2005 investments Law allows foreign-invested companies to rent property for a time period of 55 years and up to 75 years in special circumstances. Investors can acquire land use legal rights and can finance each the buildings constructed on that area and the benefits of the usage rights. Competitive firms As this paper mentioned through this research we see that the furniture industry has just flourished thought the eyes of the world, and the multination corporations in the furniture field, which have most of their manufacture lines in china, but now due to Vietnam becoming attractive from last decade and growing each year, we begin to see some shift, movement from C hina to Vietnam in the furniture industry. Nowadays what most multinational companies do is to buy furniture or raw materials from small companies in Vietnam for the cheapest price possible and them selling it in their respective markets. Still some multinational corporations see now Vietnam as being really attractive and they also moving some production and setup new facilities there. They doing this with FDI 1

The Holocaust- Nazi Germanys Evil Plot to Eradicate the Jews

In 1939 the Nazi government started World War II by attacking Poland. It soon conquered most of Europe. Great Britain, Russia, and the United States fought against the Nazis and eventually defeated them. Millions of people died in the war the Nazis had started. The Nazis murdered about 12 million civilians, including almost all the Jews who lived under German rule (Trueman). Nazi Germany played almost every role in the Holocaust, as they had created it. Their main goal or role was to gain power and eliminate the Jews (Huebsch). The Nazis were the group that Hitler led to destroy the Jews and rise to power (Trueman). Nazism is the political and social doctrine of Hitler and his followers (Tames 6). The word Nazi is short for the†¦show more content†¦The people had blamed their weak government, the Weimar system, for their great loss and Hitler coming in with his new option of government sounded really good to the German people (Bachrach 8). Hitler offered something to every one; work to the unemployed, prosperity to failed business people, profits to industry, expansion to the Army, social harmony and an end of class distinctions to idealistic young students, and restoration of German glory to those in despair (Trueman). He promised to bring order amid chaos, a feeling of unity to all and the chance to belong (Trueman). He would make Germany strong again, end payment of war reparations to the Allies, tear up the treaty of Versailles, stamp out corruption, keep down Marxism, and deal harshly with the Jews (Vail). Hitler also rose to power with the use of force (Johnson). Hitler used his cruel forces to shape the minds of the Germans, and to persecute the Jews (Johnson 8). Hitler had his storm troopers who were just random strong men he had rounded up (Tames). The purpose of the Storm troopers was to terrorize the people that did not support Hitlers Nazi regime (Johnson 8). Their philosophy is Terror must be broken by terror. and All opposition must be s tamped into the ground (8). They played a big role in the rise of the Nazi party (Nardo 25). Hitler also used the Gestapo which was secret police (Johnson 9). The role of the Gestapo was to investigate and combat all tendencies dangerous to the stateShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesthe nuclear nations’ quest for viable, stable sources of uranium and sites for testing nuclear devices in locales as disparate as French Polynesia, Niger, Gabon, and the Belgian Congo. Having had the good fortune to escape the global nuclear holocaust that was once widely accepted as inevitable if not imminent, humanity came to recognize, albeit more gradually, a second threat to global survival in the last years of the century—accelerated climate change brought on by the release of ever-increasing

Security on the Internet Essay - 1614 Words

Security on the Internet Todays information is highly interconnected by the internet. With this interconnection of computer systems through the internet comes computer crime. Breaking into computer systems, damaging information, and stealing information, more commonly known as hacking, has become extremely common on the internet. As hacking becomes more frequent, and as some would say, more of a problem, should we consider hacking a criminal activity? Information from across the world is stored on computer systems-most of which are connected, networked, to other computer systems through the internet. â€Å"In the ideal situation, this interconnection of information enables others from outside a specific computer network to access that†¦show more content†¦Then, using flaws within the internet, JavaScript automatically downloaded whenever a user visited an infected site that included popular search and auction destinations. That JavaScript in turn downloaded a keystroke-logging Trojan horse from another server located in Russia. The attack ended once the Russian server was taken offline. A second attack targeted accounts with major financial institutions, such as Citibank and Deutsche Bank. Spread by pop-up advertising, which in turn loaded malicious code, this attack uses a Browser Helper Object (BHO), a type of file that developers frequently use to monitor Internet Explorer sessions. In this case, whenever a user visits a banking site, just before the encrypted secure socket layer (SSL) session starts between user and bank, the Trojan records all the POST and GET information before it is encrypted. The Trojan then starts its own encrypted session, sending your personal banking data to a remote server. How could this happen? Blame monopolies. When Microsoft launched its browser war against Netscape a few years ago, we may have all lost. 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The Effectiveness of Peace Keeping Yugoslavia and Cambodia Essay Sample free essay sample

Introduction The United Nations peace maintaining mission is a broard phenomenon that encompasses a figure of peace maintaining activities. When the UN started affecting in peace maintaining activities. the operations were chiefly centered around seting UN forces on international boundary lines or cease fire lines with the purpose of maintaining isolated parties in struggle by positioning UN military perceivers or soldiers to play the function of 3rd parties. The whole thought behind this is to convey about a arrest in belligerencies. quiet down tenseness. make the necessary ambiance required for dialogues so that a permanent solution to struggles may be arrived at. However. over clip. at that place have new developments that have pushed frontward the range of UN peace maintaining activities. These developments came with the terminal of the Cold War and the comparative success in the Gulf War during the early 1990s. These developments produced a new universe order in footings of international political relations and this new order was spearheaded by the western powers led by the USA. [ 1 ] This farther broadened the function the UN have to play in keeping peace and stableness. particularly as peace was now regarded in footings of sustainability and measure. Furthermore. the fact that most of the struggles are fought by paramilitary groups and non the national ground forcess. have made civilians the victims. It is this state of affairs that has drawn the attending of the international community to look in to the affair. [ 2 ] Therefore recent developments like these have made UN peace maintaining missions to hold a wider scope of activities to manage. of which failure in any of these activities could intend failure in the peace maintaining operation. Some of these activities include disarming. demobilisation of military personnels and armed paramilitary groups. publicity of national rapprochement. Restoration of effectual authoritiess. organisation and monitoring of elections. proviso of support for human-centered assistance mission. bodyguard of alleviation convoys and the protection of safe countries. [ 3 ] This essay will look at two states where UN peace maintaining missions have been operational with accent on whether the missions were successful or non and the grounds for the success or failure. The impact created by the result of these operations will besides be taken into consideration. The survey will concentrate on the UN peace maintaining mission in the 1990s. The two states that will be discus sed in this paper will be the former Yugoslavia and Cambodia. UN PEACE KEEPING IN FORMER YUGOSLAVIA Background. The Yugoslavian struggle is one of those struggles around the universe where the UN embarked on a peace maintaining mission to assist reconstruct order in the state. The state situated in the Balkans and over 500 old ages. different European powers including Turkey have greatly influenced the political developments taking topographic point in the part. However. the possible posed by a united Serbia and montenegro in the eyes of other European powers and the USA became important in the eruption of struggle in the state. [ 4 ] During the old ages 1991-1992. there was tenseness in the state due to secessionist inclinations that had developed over old ages. As a consequence. the European community got involved in the affair with the hope of at least happening a temporal solution. In the procedure. the Badinter Commission was established to analyze the freshly emerging provinces if they were feasible for independency by European community criterions. Some of the working usher lines for th is committee included commissariats for the protection of the rights of minority groups. [ 5 ] The commission’s study ruled that Slovenia with a big population of Slovenes was feasible for independency while Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia were ruled out. In malice this. coupled with long standing German force per unit area. the USA and the European community went in front to declare their acknowledgment for Croatia and Bosnia Herzegovina. It was this incident that pushed the state in to chaos. In this regard. the European community as it was known at the clip and the USA hold the incrimination for the immediate cause of belligerencies in that part during that period. With the Yugoslavia in pandemonium. European authoritiess and USA blamed Serbia for blockading peace throughout the part. [ 6 ] It was this state of affairs that drew the attending of UN Security Council to keep that Serbia has something to make with the Croatia. This was through the UN Security Council declaration puting up UNPROFOR which amongst other things held â€Å"the United Nations military personn els and constabularies would be deployed in certain countries of Croatia. designated as United Nations Protected Areas ( UNPAs ) ; the UNPAs would be countries in which the Secretary-General judged that particular agreements were required during an interim period †¦ they would be countries in which Serbs constitute the bulk or a significant minority of the population †¦Ã¢â‚¬  . The UN peace maintaining operation in this instance ran abruptly of many facets. Troubles One facet that has received a batch of unfavorable judgments in the UN peace maintaining mission in the former Yugoslavia has been the period when the operation was launched. The UN peace maintaining mission in Yugoslavia arrived some months after struggle erupted in the state. A mission of that nature needed some clip for readyings to be carried out. Equally shortly as struggle erupted. the UN organized a preliminary unit of ammunition of dialogues with the military leadings of the parties involved in the struggle. These dialogues were chaired by Cyrus Vanoe. a senior staff of the UN Secretariat. Even before Vanoe submitted his study there were indicants that there have been a figure of important issues where differences in their reading were already predominating. [ 7 ] A state of affairs like this meant things were traveling to be hard because differences that could non be settled on tabular array could merely be settled at the war forepart. But this state of affairs was ignored w ith the hope that they may vanish while the peace keepers were transporting out their mission. The UN Secretary General even went farther to declare that there were serious possibilities that the mission would neglect and this was based on certain facets amongst them deficiency of cooperation from parties. Besides. the mode in which the UNPROFOR was designed for the mission in former Yugoslavia was non suited for an operation of that quality. Designed as traditional forces. it became clear from the beginning that none of the parties. that is the Croatian or the Karijna Serbs desired to collaborate with the UN forces. For case. the UN protected Areas were neer demilitarized as demanded. the cease fire organized neer achieved its full significance. many people stayed displaced and lawlessness became the order of the twenty-four hours. [ 8 ] Alternatively the UNPAs alternatively helped to make more confusion in the part as these so called protected countries were now functioning as roots for armed incursions in to Bosnia. The Krajina Serbs saw UNPROFOR. as a force that could assist rush up their ain independency. while Croatia saw the UN presence as an a opportunity to mobilise and forcefully take over these UNPAs. [ 9 ] It is hence non surprising that in 1995. Croatia seized three of the four UNPAs and by mid 1995 Croatia taken control of the UNPA Sector to its West. Another country where the peace maintaining mission in Yugoslavia had loop holes was the deficiency of consideration for the developments that had taken topographic point during the period when the Vanoe program was approved in 1991 to the period in February1992. when Secretary General’s study puting up the peace maintaining mission came to being. This once more was the consequence of the speedy deployment of UN peace keepers in the state. These developments had greatly altered some basic characteristics of the Vanoe program yet no considerations were given to modify the original program so that it suits the new worlds. [ 10 ] For case. the peace maintaining mission caput quarters had no 1 on its staff that was present during dialogues. hence there was cipher who knew the places taken by the combatants in the peace maintaining mission office. This was a serious reverse back to the peace maintaining procedure because at the initial stages the UNPROFOR hierarchy found it hard to construe and react right the places the parties had taken. A state of affairs like this meant the peace maintaining procedure was traveling to be complex. [ 11 ] For case Serbian boundaries had been altered comparing to what was in the Vanoe Plan and even extended beyond the boundaries of municipalities. Furthermore. the fact that Serb boundaries had changed beyond what was in the Vanoe made it hard for the peace maintaining mission to win. These countries were now combative countries particularly during the period when the UNPROFOR was seeking to cover with the parties involved I the struggle. The ground for this is that as the war progressed some of these countries were given the position of pink zone under Serbian control. Croatia did non welcome this move and the ground for this is that Croatia and Slovenia had merely been recognized as independent province by the European Community and the USA. [ 12 ] This facet of acknowledgment gave sovereignty to the Croatian boundary lines particularly in the eyes of Croats. It was on these bases that Croatian governments stood on the point that the Krajina Serbs had no base and hence urge UN peacekeepers non to cover with them. Although the Serbs had a point. their place clashed with the Vanoe Plan which held that an interim understanding will steer the deployment of forces in countries considered as UN protected countries until a concluding declaration is taken at the European Community summit on Yugoslavia. All these hard came as a consequence of deficiency of sufficient readying for the mission and the fact there was no representative of the peacekeeping force commanding officers during the early phases of dialogues. Another country of trouble in the UN peace maintaining mission in Yugoslavia came as a consequence f the out interruption of civil war in Bosnia Herzegovina. This civil war was nil but an extra undertaking for the UNPROFOR to manage and this was ulterior term â€Å"mission creep† . This new development pushed the UN Security Council to widen its committedness to the part between June and December 1992. Among these committednesss were deployment in Bosnia-Herzegovina for bodyguard of human-centered assistance convoys ; monitoring of demilitarization of the Prevlaka peninsula ; deployment of perceivers at landing fields and monitoring of the â€Å"no-fly zone† over Bosnia-Herzegovina. control of the Peruca dike ; and preventative deployment in Macedonia. [ 13 ] In fact this state of affairs was a monolithic blow on the peace maintaining mission. First the resources that were needed for this operation were non available or were merely available when the state of affairs they were meant to cover with had wholly changed. In other words most of the declarations for this mission remained on paper in what was considered every bit good drafted declarations. In add-on when the civil war erupted in Bosnia-Herzegovina. the UNPROFOR was still fighting to put up for the mission in Croatia. Furthermore. during the early period of struggle in Bosnia Herzegovina. the UNPROFOR had non been given authorization to carryout peace maintaining mission in the state. [ 14 ] With this sort of complications. the peace maintaining mission in former Yugoslavia was bound to be in existent troubles. As UNPROFOR operations progressed. it shortly became apparent that shared duty between the United Nations and the European Community was an unsatisfactory agreement. to set it really mildly. UNPROFOR’s experience showed that when state of affairss emerged where positive consequences appeared likely. the European Community came on the scene in the hope of pulling recognition. but the minute things went incorrectly. UNPROFOR was left to pick up the pieces ; an art the force bit by bit came to maestro. in so far as enduring the flack catcher directed at it was concerned. In due class. with the instead doubtful agreements that were put in topographic point for Bosnia-Herzegovina. it was inevitable that transcripts of studies. analyses. and recommendations emanating from UNPROFOR central offices began happening their manner to Brussels. some national capitals. and the office of the European Community negotiant. [ 15 ] The irritating and unacceptable portion of this development was that. utilizing such information. efforts were made to get at agreements with the combatants without confer withing UNPROFOR ; in most instances with black consequences. [ 16 ] The death of the UN forces in former Yugoslavia came in May 1995 when Bosnian Serbs retaliated with a series of air work stoppages in response to the bombardment of about half a twelve sand traps where they stored their ammo. This catastrophe pushed universe leaders to the decision that the state of affairs in Bosnia-Herzegovina could non be managed through ordinary peace maintaining. This apprehension sealed the religion of UNPROFOR. As a consequence. the UNPROFOR was instantly withdrawn from the part. Unfortunately. the operations in the former Yugoslavia have been characterized by a grade of symbolism. rhetoric. and lip service for which a heavy monetary value has been paid in footings of human lives and agony as both the UN military personnels and the local population bore most of the effects. As armed traditional groups sent to countries covered by cultural struggles. UN forces became capable to use by challenging parties. For illustration the Bosnian Serbs in one juncture and under the screen of peace maintaining construct to some 370 UN peace keepers surety and were to be used as human shields. In add-on. the UNPROFOR forces neer succeeded to forestall the Bosnia Serbs from perpetrating cultural cleaning and race murder which had become so prevailing during this period. All these conveying one to the decision that the UN peace maintaining mission in Yugoslavia was in the terminal a failure. Cambodia Background. Although the UN peace maintaining mission in Cambodia merely took off in 1992. the state had been in turbulency of all time since the 1970s. Cambodia from 1975 to 1979 was ruled by the Khmer Rouge with Pol Pot as their leader. This Maoist totalitarian government was ill-famed for killing Cambodians. During the period 1975 to 1979. it has been estimated that about one million people lost their lives. [ 17 ] In 1979. Khmer Rouge brought the state in to turmoil following its incursions in to Vietnam. These Khmer Rouge incursions pushed Vietnam to occupy Cambodia. trail the Khmer Rouge up the Mountain ranges to the West of the state. Vietnam so installed a puppet communist authorities under the Cambodian People’s Party ( CPP ) . The Vietnamese invasion in Cambodia pushed the part in to confusion as the CCP proved non any better than the Khmer Rouge. The CCP got involved in a series of atrociousnesss that caused 1000s of Cambodians to fly the state for safe. As a consequence Thailand which was appeared to be the chief finish for those fleeing Cambodians felt threaten. China felt besides felt uncomfortable with Vietnam’s control of Cambodia. Furthermore. merely the Soviet axis recognized the CCP authorities in Vietnam. [ 18 ] This non-recognition of the CCP authorities pushed the Khmer Rouge in to an confederation with some non-communist parties in Cambodia. the monarchist FUNCINPEC party. led by Prince Norodom Sihanouk. and the Kampuchean National Liberation Front ( KPNLF ) . [ 19 ] The move paid off when the confederation managed to procure a place at the UN in 1982. All these helped to transfuse an ambiance of force in Cambodia and it was this state of affairs that attracted the attending of the UN. In revenge to these developments. the UN sponsored a conference in Paris in with the purpose to seek a solution to the Kampuchean struggle. The result was the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia ( UNTAC ) . SUCCESSES AND FAILURES Of UNTAC UNTAC efficaciously excessively up maps in Cambodia in 1992 and this was considered to be a portion of the Paris Agreement. UNTAC was deployed in 1992 as portion of the 1991 Paris Agreements. From the really get downing. UNTAC had a hard mission to carry through in Cambodia. Some of UNTAC’s responsibilities included supervising a armistice among the parties involved. conduct national elections. guarantee proper conditions for the repatriation of refugees and more significantly to see in to it that the power of Kampuchean authorities was used in a just mode before and during the elections. [ 20 ] To carry through this undertaking. 1. 6 billion SU dollars and a 22. 000 adult male expanded peace maintaining force was deployed from March 1992 to September 1993. UNTAC engagement in Cambodia was successful in certain facet particularly repatriating Kampuchean refugees. it rebuilt substructure and conducted a national election. The organisation of national election was possibly UNTAC’s most successful accomplishment in Cambodia. UNTAC was outstanding in its attempts to accomplish a monolithic enrollment of campaigners specifically through its monolithic and countrywide electors enrollment undertaking. UNTAC even went farther to destabilise CPP attempt to kill opposing CPP parliamentary campaigners. These were chiefly campaigners from the FUNCINPEC party. of Prince Norodom Sihanouk. The election remains a bequest to Kampuchean people and their long standing aspiration to hold a democratic province. During the election. more than 90 ­ % of the legible electors cued up to take their leaders is spite chance of possible onslaughts from the Khmer Rouge and the CPP. These elections were won by FUNCINPEC but the CPP remained inexorable and even endanger to throw the state in to a civil war if a portion of power was non handed over. This CPP place was looked in to by the international community under the protections of the USA. They up with the position that instead than allow the state to chaos it would be better to set force per unit area on the FUNCINPEC. who accepted to organize a alliance authorities with the CPP. The CPP was so given the station of 2nd premier curate while the FUNCINPEC kept the station of first premier curate. However. success was non in all facets. One of UNTAC’s really important missions to Cambodia was neer truly achieved. UNTAC found it really hard to oblige parties to to the full stay by the commissariats of the cease-fire understanding. For case. the Khmer Rouge was neer disarmed. and even refused to let UN forces entree in to the countries they controlled. The CCP was besides non wholly disarmed. The CCP even refused to collaborate with the UN to see in to it that there was neutrality in the Kampuchean authorities with respects to bureaucratism during and after the elections that were to be organized. [ 21 ] The ground for this was partially because UNTAC. as a visible radiation armed maintaining force. merely like the instance of UNPROFOR in former Yugoslavia. did non hold what it required that the authorization nor the armaments that could assist force the warring cabals to accept the regulations of the authorization. The consequence was that UNTAC’s achievements began to melt out shortly after it withdrew . Today fraud and corruptness and repression remain an built-in portion of life in Cambodia. Another country where UNTAC remained missing in the Kampuchean operation was in it inability to oversee the authorities of Cambodia particularly in 1992 when it looked like the authorities could collaborate with the UN. This was sad because when UNTAC became ready to take up this challenge. the CPP was no longer ready to collaborate. In malice this UNTAC was still able to look into the CCP in early 1993 with the consequence that a verification was issued keeping the CPP responsible for utilizing the authorities bureaucratism to transfuse force against the resistance and scare the electorate. [ 22 ] In fact the CPP force became so unfastened in 1993 to the extent that the FUNCINPEC threatened to halt it cooperation with UNTAC. In add-on. in early 1994. UNTAC left Cambodia and their going was a cogent evidence of how ephemeral their successes were in the state. For case. the inability of UNTAC’s to wholly demilitarize the Khmer Rouge and the CPP remained an indicant that the backdown of UN peace maintaining could probably co-occur with the eruption of force in the state. In add-on. in the period taking to the elections. the UN did non free forces of the civil disposal and this had serious reverberations. Most of the forces refused to release their places after the election after their party lost the elections. Some merely refused to pay commitment to Prince Ranariddh who became the first Prime Minister. The CPP subsequently used the alliance to construct its political power. isolate FUNCINPEC. and enroll Khmer Rouge members and leaders. The CPP staged a violent putsch in July 1997 that drove Ranariddh out of the state and killed his top Plutos. This action spurred theNew York Timesto aggressively rep robate the Clinton administration’s Cambodia policy in a July 10. 1997 column. From the conceptual point of position. the UNTAC expedition to Cambodia was even far more deficient. To be gin with. the mission placed heavy trust on the apprehension that they would hold high degree cooperation with the parties involved in the struggle. This impression was derived based on the thought that warring cabals normally cooperated with peace maintaining missions judging from earlier traditions. The mission wholly ignored the fact that assorted parts have their distinctive features therefore one can non wholly trust on the experiences of one state of affairs to work out another. This partially explains the point that while UNTAC believed that warring parties would follow. the CPP had a wholly different position of the affair. Alternatively the CPP neer had any purpose to give up power an in the procedure all the CPP did was to thwart UNTAC’s attempts. [ 23 ] The Khmer Rouge seemingly had no purpose of to the full collaborating with UNTAC and this partially explains why it did non take part in the in national elections. Whatever the instance. UNTAC has to gain some credits for the manner it managed this peculiar state of affairs. The point is that UNTAC took to honour a really important and traditional regulation of peace maintaining which hold that peace keepers must avoid the usage of force if parties refuse to esteem peace understandings and UNTAC did merely that. The determination to remain calm prevented the surpluss of Khmer Rouge from transforming in to violence thereby seting UNTAC in the same place as the other Kampuchean battlers. This determination helped to restrict the figure casualties on the side of the peacekeeping forces. UNTAC besides had the foresight to restrict the function of certain peacekeeping military personnels. particularly Americans and Japanese that might arouse warring parties. The 49 American soldiers who served in UNTAC were limited to observer functions in unafraid countries. Japan’s 605 military personnels were restricted to observer mission in peaceable cou ntries and edifice roads. Another conceptual job faced by UNTAC and which appeared to be really important was the intent for the mission. It was non truly clear whether UNTAC’s mission to Cambodia was merely to ease peace. conduct national elections. and quickly withdraw or the other manus whether the mission had a duty to keep a longer-term presence and see through Cambodia’s passage to democracy. [ 24 ] This issue was neer decently looked in to by the UNTAC policy shapers. These policy shapers underestimated the mission and hence they to the full took to the consideration that election will be smooth and the parties will to the full collaborate. In add-on UN functionaries likewise those of President Clinton neer hesitated when it came to rapid backdown no considerations were given for the mode or scheme for issue. In a similar mode UNTAC besides relied to a great extent on the influence of foreigners like China. the United States. France. Thailand. and Indonesia. However this move proved to be a assorted approval particularly as outside power played a typical function in conveying those in difference to the negotiating tabular array. It became clear that if force per unit area was increased on the CPP. Russia was Russia would respond. UNTAC’s disconnected backdown in late 1993 was influenced by the Clinton disposal. which knew that the force was fall ining and viewed the possible failure of such a big and expensive peacekeeping mission as a public dealingss catastrophe that would destine its ambitious UN-based foreign policy. Therefore. elections were held despite the fact that UNTAC had non met most of its authorization. It was so rapidly withdrawn to give the UN and the United States the chance to declare triumph before pandemonium returned. This was an unfortunate policy determination. since there was a opportunity that if UNTAC remained through 1994 it might hold been able to complete what it started and increased the chances for democratic authorities. This was a mistake Clinton functionaries tried non to do several old ages subsequently when they helped plan what are basically occupation forces to turn to civil and cultural crises in Bosnia. Kosovo. and East Timor. Administrative and concatenation of bid jobs besides plagued UNTAC. sabotaging its effectivity and repute. UNTAC was the most expensive and most ambitious operation the UN of all time attempted. It had no coherent program to pull off such a big project. The UN peace maintaining mission in Cambodia besides suffered a series of bid jobs even though these did non ensue to any incidents. The ground for no casualties in malice this lack was because of the determination by warring cabals to avoid confrontations with UN peace keepers. However. Gallic and Dutch military personnels in certain occasions went beyond their instructions and used force against the Khmer Rouge while France on many juncture refused to deploy its forces as instructed by UNTAC. All these came as a consequence of the concatenation of bid jobs UNTAC suffered in the class of the mission. Finally. condemnable activity by UNTAC military personnels. particularly black marketeering and harlotry. tinted UNTAC and the UN’s repute in the eyes of the international community. UNTAC military personnels who had been sponsoring cocottes introduced AIDS to remote countries of Cambodia. Some UNTAC military personnels operated whorehouses and chancing halls. In decision. UNTAC did better than some expanded peacekeeping missions. It brought peace to Cambodia for a clip. helped refugees and displaced individuals return. and created more stable conditions that saved lives. The major error made by UNTAC contrivers was undervaluing the undertaking at manus. If UNTAC contrivers had a better construct of the political state of affairs in Cambodia and a more realistic position of how to construct democracy. this $ 1 billion–plus expanded peacekeeping attempt might hold left a fledgling democracy in its topographic point alternatively of a corrupt autarchy that stays in power by terrorising the population and its political oppositions. [ 25 ] Cambodia in recent times has been credited for being more peaceable than was the instance before the intercession of the UN in 1992. Prince Ranariddh. the former first Prime Minister of the CPP/FUNCINPEC alliance who was overthrown in a military putsch agreed to return to the state and countryside upset is said to hold reduced enormously. However. behind the drapes Kampuchean political relations remain the same as the CCP leader Hun Sen remains a autocrat and his party dominates about all facets of political relations in the state. [ 26 ] This is because the party remains comparatively united in comparing with the other parties. Furthermore. the CPP is ready to take what of all time major it takes to maintain the FUNCINPEC its chief opposing under control. In the same way. FUNCINPEC has lost much of the strength and influence it one time enjoyed during the 1990s as a consequence of internal combat. However. the biggest factor that undermined FUNCINPEC was the implosion of the Khmer Rouge. which had been working as its military arm. Without the Khmer Rouge military menace. FUNCINPEC was much easier for the CPP to force around. [ 27 ] The present state of affairs is non what was expected by the international community when it took to acquire involved in the struggle. However. it remains apparent that the scheme employed by the CPP in the late 1990s has been remained attached to the fact that the Clinton disposal did non cover with certain CPP mischievousness that would hold helped to warrant the success UNTAC operations in Cambodia. [ 28 ] In 1998. the first national elections were held since UNTAC’s backdown. The elections. in which the CPP won. were conducted wholly by CPP forces and were widely condemned in the Western media. Former UNTAC Commander John Sanderson and Michael Maley. an UNTAC functionary who helped form the 1993 elections. contended in a damning article that the 1998 elections were non free and just and that Cambodia is basically an autocratic province where the destiny of the state remains in the custodies of the CCP. It has been a hard undertaking to depict this week’s military ejector of Cambodia’s First Prime Minister. Norodom Ranariddh. by his alliance spouse and longtime challenger. Second Prime Minister Hun Sen. Simply naming it a putsch would convey an automatic suspension of American assistance to the state. The Clinton Administration feared such instant detachment would cut down instead than increase United States purchase. Whatever the instance the ictus of power by Mr. Hun Sen’s bloody putsch is has proved to be a immense set back to democracy and a misdemeanor of the 1991 Paris understanding that ended the Kampuchean civil war. Most of all. it is a catastrophe for Cambodia. From the above one realizes that the UN peace maintaining mission in former Yugoslavia was a failure in many facets. Comparing this to the Kampuchean instance it becomes apparent that there was some grade of success sing that the mission in Cambodia at least succeeded to form elections and put in a democratic authorities before go forthing the state. Beginnings Thakur. Ramesh.United Nations Peacekeeping Operationss: Ad Hoc Missions. Permanent Engagement.United Nations University Press: New York. 2001. Fleitz. Frederick H. Jr. .Peacekeeping Fiascoes of the ninetiess: Causes. Solutions. and U. S. Interests. Praeger: Westport. 2002. David. Charters A. ( ed. ) . Peacekeepingand the Challenge of Conflict Resolution.New Brunswick: University of New Brunswick. 1994. Donald. Daniel C. F.U. S. Perspectives on Peacekeeping: Puting PDD-25 in Context. Strategic Research Department. Research Memorandum 3-94. Newport. Rhode island: U. S. Naval War College. 1994. [ 1 ] Ramesh Thakur. United Nations Peacekeeping Operationss: Ad Hoc Missions. Permanent Engagement. ( United Nations University Press: New York. 2001 ) . P. 165 [ 8 ] Frederick H. Fleitz Jr. .Peacekeeping Fiascoes of the ninetiess: Causes. Solutions. and U. S. Interests. ( Praeger: Westport. 2002 ) . P. 129. [ 10 ] Charters. David A. ( ed. ) . Peacekeepingand the Challenge of Conflict Resolution. ( New Brunswick: University of New Brunswick. 1994 ) . 81. [ 11 ] Thakur. United Nations Peace Keeping Operations. 170 [ 14 ] David. Peacekeepingand the Challenge of Conflict Resolution. 86. [ 17 ] Fleitz.Peacekeeping Fiascoes. 125. [ 20 ] Frederick H. Fleitz Jr. .Peacekeeping Fiascoes of the ninetiess: Causes. Solution. 125 [ 25 ] Daniel. Donald C. F.U. S. Perspectives on Peacekeeping: Puting PDD-25 in Context. Strategic Research Department. Research Memorandum 3-94. Newport. Rhode island: U. S. Naval War College. 1994. P. 62. [ 27 ] Fleitz. Peace Keeping Fiascos. 127.

Muscle Cars Vintage vs New Essay Example

Muscle Cars: Vintage vs New Essay Ben Slenning Auto. 10. 28. 08 Period: 1 The vintage automobile was very simple, where as the modern automobile is very high technology and complex. In an automobile every part has a specific job and purpose. I am here to tell why the modern muscle car is a much better product than the vintage muscle car. I will show this in 7 ways: engine and horsepower, fuel system, ignition system, fuel economy, safety features, transmission and brakes. The 6 vehicles I will be comparing are a 1970 Dodge Challenger to a 2008 Dodge Challenger, a 1970 Ford Mustang Boss 302 to a 2009 Ford Mustang GT, and a 1967 Chevrolet Camaro SS to a 2009 Chevrolet Camaro. The modern muscle cars have better engines and more horsepower then the vintage muscle cars. The ’08 Challenger has a 6. 1L SRT Hemi putting out 425hp, while the ’70 Challenger only has a 5. 2L V-8 putting out 290hp. The ’70 Mustang Boss has a 5L V-8, which is putting out 290hp, while the ’09 Mustang GT has a 4. L V-8 putting out about 300hp. Last but not least, the ’09 Camaro has a 6. 2L V-8 putting out 422hp, where as the ’67 Camaro has a 5. 7L V-8 putting out 320hp. This showing the modern muscle cars have improved horsepower and that the modern muscle car is a better product than the vintage muscle car. The vintage muscle cars weren’t as fortunate to have to fuel systems that the modern muscle cars have today. The ’08 Chal lenger has a multi-port fuel injection system and the ’70 Challenger only has a 2-barrel carburetor. We will write a custom essay sample on Muscle Cars: Vintage vs New specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Muscle Cars: Vintage vs New specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Muscle Cars: Vintage vs New specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The ’70 Mustang boss has a 4-barrel carburetor, while the ’09 Mustang GT also has a multi-port fuel injection system. Lust like the ’08 Challenger and the ’09 Mustang GT, the ’09 Camaro also has a multi-port fuel injection system, where as the ’67 Camaro SS also has a 4-barrel carburetor. This showing better fuel systems and that the modern muscle car is a better product than the vintage muscle car. Third, the ignition system on the modern muscle cars is far different and better then the ones on the vintage muscle car. For example, all the vintage muscle cars have a distributor style ignition system. On the ’08 Challenger and the ’09 Mustang GT there is a coil on-plug ignition system. The ’09 Camaro has a high-energy distributor less ignition system. This showing better ignition systems and that the modern muscle car is a better product than the vintage muscle cars. The vintage muscle cars were averaging much lower fuel economy then the modern muscle cars. The ’70 Challenger, the ’70 Mustang Boss, and the ’67 Camaro all averaged a fuel economy of 10-12mpg. The ’08 Challenger averages 13-18mpg, the ’09 Mustang GT averages 17-26mpg, and the ’09 Camaro averages 16-23mpg. This showing better fuel economy and that the modern muscle car is a better product than the vintage muscle car. Another way that the modern muscle car is a better product then the vintage muscle car is in the safety features. All the vintage muscle cars had, was a seat belt that went across your lap to hold you in the seat. All the modern muscle cars have 3-point seat belts and front/side airbags, except for the ’09 Camaro, which has dual stage front/side airbags. This showing better safety and that the modern muscle car is a better product then the vintage muscle car. The vintage muscle cars didn’t have the high tech transmissions that are in the modern muscle cars today. Such as, the ’70 challenger offered you a 4-speed manual or a 3-speed automatic, where as now, the ’08 Challenger offers you a 5-speed automatic equipped with an auto stick. Also, the ’70 Mustang Boss offered a 4-speed manual, a 3-speed manual, or a 3-speed automatic, while now the ’09 Mustang GT offers a 5-speed automatic or a 6-speed manual. Last but not least, the ’67 Camaro only offered a 4-speed manual or a 2-speed automatic, and now the ’09 Camaro give you a nice, smooth ride with a 6-speed manual or a 6-speed automatic. This showing more improved transmissions and that the modern muscle car is a better product then the vintage muscle car. You would like a muscle car with top-of-the-line brakes, wouldn’t you? Well the modern muscle car is equipped with a much better brake system then the vintage muscle car. For example, the vintage muscle cars had front disc brakes and rear drum brake. Where now all the modern muscle cars have 4-wheel disc brakes and ABS. But the ’09 Mustang GT was also equipped with traction control. This showing safer brake systems and that the modern muscle car is much safer and a better product then the vintage muscle car. In conclusion, the modern muscle car out does the vintage muscle car by a long shot. Don’t forget the 7 ways, as you have just read, that the modern muscle car is a better product: engine and horsepower, fuel system, ignition system, fuel economy, safety features, transmission and last, the brakes. The modern muscle is a better product then the vintage muscle car.

Effects of Advertising Essay

Effects of Advertising Essay Free Online Research Papers Advertising promotes more than mere products in our popular culture. Because images used in advertising are often idealized, they eventually set the standard which we, in turn, feel we must live up to. Advertisements serve to show us what the ideal image is, and further tell us how to obtain it. Advertisers essentially have the power to promote positive images or negative images. Unfortunately, most of the roles portrayed by women tend to fit the latter description. The irony lies therein since it is these negative images which have been most successful in selling products. It is easy to understand the appeal which these ads hold for men, as they place women in an inferior role; one characterized by helplessness, fragility, and vulnerability. Certainly one can not deny that visual images serve to create the ideal female beauty within the material realm of consumer culture. The problem is that if one strays from this ideal, theres the risk of not being accepted by men. Advertisers, by setting ideas, not only sell their products but in fact reaffirm traditional gender roles in mainstream America. Women portrayed in sexual ads are depicted as objects and commodities, to be consumed by men for visual pleasure and by women for self-definition. Any depiction of a woman in scant clothing ultimately makes her look vulnerable and powerless, especially when placed next to a physically stronger man. Studies show that advertisements will concentrate primarily on a womans body parts rather than her facial expressions. Also, it was proven that over 50% of commercials portraying women contained at least one camera shot focusing on her chest. Men enjoy these images, and sadly, women tend to try to embody them, regardless of the extent to which they degrade themselves. Perhaps one of the most recent, successful, and controversial ad campaigns of the nineties is that of Calvin Klein. Ironically, in contrast to the normal, objectifying advertisements that deface women altogether, Klein focuses on his models expressions. However, these expressions are similar to those of a scared child. The naked female model, in turn, looks even more vulnerable than when she was faceless. Here, in this ad, Kate Moss is depicted as an innocent scared child. Her fingers touch her lips as if she is not permitted to speak, while her eyes look as if they are bruised. Moss breast is exposed in this image, but instead of appearing voluptuous, Moss appears to be almost prepubescent. She stares vacantly and helplessly into the camera. Again, women see these images as attractive to men and subsequently feel the need to embody them. Unfortunately, the body of Kate Moss is an unrealistic and unattainable ideal for most women. This distorted ideal body image is one of the leading causes of the recent rise of anorexia in young girls. The waif woman image is causing extreme low self-esteem for women in the nineties. The advertisement proves effective because normal women can never, and will never look like Kate Moss. All the hollow attempts will only bring more attention to these marketing strategies, and ultimately more business for Calvin Klein. It is difficult to pinpoint the cause for Kleins overwhelming success despite the nature of his advertisements. Before Calvin Kleins waif image developed, it was thought that concentration on a womans voluptuous physical features was what intrigued men. But this idea of Moss as a helpless child, with no real feminine curves at all, reiterates the argument that the male attraction to certain ads lies in the sexual power it gives them. Women please men in their nudity, their purity, and their body size. Women can never be happy with themselves until their representation in advertising become more reflective of reality. But if the ads become more realistic, then the advertisements arent able to sell their self-help images. Essentially the world of morals and advertising, if the two can logically coexist, form a constant vicious cycle. Research Papers on Effects of Advertising EssayAdvertising EssayJean-Jaques Rousseau EmileImpact of Breast CancerThe Colour PurplePlastic Surgery EssayThe Equal Rights AmendmentSexuality at Different Life Stages EssayFalse AdvertisingThe Fifth HorsemanA Molestation Epidemic Essay

Conflict Resolution at General Hospital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Conflict Resolution at General Hospital - Essay Example In the case of General Hospital, the conflict was intergroup, pitting the CEO Mr. Mike Hammer and Marge Harding, the chief operating office on one hand and, the director of medicine Doctor Williams and the company’s physicians on the other (WordPress.com, 2011). There are various sub-categories of intergroup conflicts including those among teams, divisions, departments, employees, and management. In the conflict at General Hospital, while physicians were more interested in the correct and timely readings of the EKG and proper diagnosis of patients, the CEO and the operating officer were more concerned with cutting costs. This paper thus explores the conflict at General Hospital, touching on the management style employed to resolve the stalemate. In addition, the possible use of teams and negotiation skills to resolve the conflict are also discussed. The Conflict at General Hospital Some years back, renovation activities at the General Hospital led to a drop in the number of pa tients admitted at the Hospital. Consequently, bed occupancy went down by about 65% (WordPress.com, 2011). The other effect of the renovation exercise at the General Hospital besides the dropped occupancy was a rise in the number of Medicaid and Medicare patients. In other words, the number of patients under private health insurance covers dropped, implying that General Hospital could not make profits from attending to patients with private health insurance covers (WordPress.com, 2011). Realizing the hospital was on the verge of failing to obtain its objectives and remain profitable, the CEO, Mr. Mike Hammer decided to implement certain changes, which he thought would stabilize the hospital. The first option to Hammer was to cut costs and increase the Company’s revenues. In addition, Hammer intended to initiate changes that would ensure the hospital retained its current services and even expanded into new areas. To implement these strategies, Hammer hired one Marge Harding, e mpowering her to make crucial decisions such as the firing of the hospital’s employees, more so those serving under the at-will employment status (WordPress.com, 2011). The first opinion of Harding’s was that the electrocardiogram (EKG) readings could be done electronically. Therefore, according to Harding, a physician was not needed to read the EKG. In fact, she suggested that at least $100,000 could be saved by computerizing the reading of the EKG. After the installation of the new equipment for EKG proposed by Harding and the training of EKG technicians, the physician, a Doctor James Boyer, was informed that his services were no longer needed at the General Hospital (WordPress.com, 2011). Harding’s plans soon started to flop as EKG’s arrived late, cases of misdiagnoses increased, and the staff became irritated as they looked incompetent, making them feel that Dr. Boyer was rather important and was needed at the facility. Nonetheless, Harding completely ignored these complaints from the General Hospital’s staff. Therefore, the main conflict at the General Hospital pitted cost control and management against physician agreement. To realize any positive results from his cost reduction strategies and policies, Mr. Hammer had to win over the physicians making up his staff. This was just another of the instances and incidence in which

Recruitment procedures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Recruitment procedures - Essay Example Immediately after recruitment exercise is over, the selection process starts. Selection is the process of making a choice from a pool of applicants, someone who best meets the specifications of the job in question. In this case he must be someone with the best knowledge and technical skills required of a technical staff. After recruitment and selection there is need to integrate the successful applicant into the job for him/her to adapt to the job requirements, procedure and processes. In our case study, we shall consider the case of a project whereby the technical staff member will be involved in project matters. We shall therefore analyze the recruitment, selection and integration of the staff in relation to an investment project. (Dale, 2001) First the technical manager will advertise the job vacancy that has befallen in the organization. The advertisement must outline the job specification which gives an overview of what the job requirements are. For a technical staff, with respect to a project, the contents of the job specification would include: - After the job has been advertised and the job specification outlined, a preliminary contact is made to the potential candidates. It is advisable to give all the candidates a standard contact. It must be made early enough to avoid locking out potential candidates. Then, initial screening is done to create a pool of qualified candidates. The technical manager would be free to either select the member internally or externally. Internal recruitment would come into play when maybe there is another technical staff member who is ready to be promoted to such a position. But the member must posses the necessary qualifications for such an appointment (internal) to be effective. If this is the case, then the technical manager need not advertise for the job vacancy but make employees aware of the job vacancies. He can do this through newsletters, bulletin, boards and personal recommendations including recommendations by other managers. (Dale, 2001) The advantage of this method is that it motivates employees to work harder so that they can get promotion opportunities. It is also more efficient and less costly because the technical manager would not need to advertise for the job or even contact every candidate individually. Another reason as to why the technical manager should adopt this approach is that already he knows the performance and/ or skills of every staff with regard to project appraisal. It would increase the chances of making a good choice since the people he has in the organization are already known to him in terms of performance. However, there are enough reasons as to why the manager should discard this approach of internal recruitment. Internal recruitment is characterized by an insufficient pool and the best person for the job may not be available from within the organization. Again, people from within the

Manac Plc Essay Example for Free

Manac Plc Essay The assignment Background information You are the financial director of a large, ficticious company called Manac plc, which produces and sells a range of standard electrical goods. Production and sales take place across a number of countries. The company uses standard costing and absorption costing as part of its approach to strategic management accounting. The Board of Directors is concerned that the company is not meeting its budgeted target profits; the managing director takes the simple view that more sales mean more profits and that the products have not been priced to sell in sufficient numbers. While you are aware that this is a possibility you recognise that the real reason for the lower than expected profits may be more complex. You have therefore decided to conduct a full review of variances to identify those areas which have not met budgeted expectations. Assignment Requirements While this review is underway and to improve the board of directors understanding of the issues involved, you have decided to produce a report to the board of directors which addresses the following 3 topics: i. The models and concepts affecting the pricing decisions taken by organisations, critically reflecting upon their usefulness (maximum mark 33%). i. The role of standard costing and variance analysis in management accounting and a critically discussion of the value and limitations of variance analysis as a means of identifying key areas which have contributed to the overall profit figure (maximum mark 33%). iii. The advantages and disadvantages of introducing an Activity Based Costing syst em to replace the current Absorption Costing system (maximum mark 34%). The report should include critical evaluation of the models and concepts proposed outlining their merits and limitations. You may incorporate logical assumptions with regard to the company and use numerical examples to illustrate the models and concepts that you propose to adopt The University policy on cheating collusion and plagiarism will be applied to this piece of work. Guidance: Students are encouraged to be inquisitive and innovative in their approach as to what should be included in this report the following may be of some use in providing guidance as to what could possibly be included, although this is in no way meant to be prescriptive. The aim of the ssignment is to help you understand how key areas of strategic management accounting are demonstrated in practice by a large, international company. This will include investigating topics from throughout the course linked to the above issues. Some of the principles, concepts ad models will be more relevant to your chosen approach than others and so it is likely that different students will formulate different approaches to the problems. This is n ormal, it is not expected that all of the course content will be used in the analysis, concentrate on that which you feel is most important. As part of your work you might find it helpful to briefly explore the underlying theory behind the key areas of investigation that you identify before applying them to report. With a total of 3,000 words you do not have a lot of room for long introductions so assume you are writing to a sophisticated audience who has a working knowledge of strategic management accounting and is well versed in business theory. Numerical example for illustrative purposes may be of use but should not be the main thrust of the work. If used they should be to provide evidence to support your findings from your other analysis of position and policies. If other sources are used remember to reference everything! Please avoid relying too heavily on descriptive sections reproducing information available from course material or the set text. It is your own logical, evaluation of the situation, the interpretation of course material and presentation, with critical analysis, of a coherent strategic plan that will attract high marks. Marking Guide The learning outcomes for this module assessed by this piece of work are Knowledge 1. Critically evaluate a range of key strategic management accounting models and concepts. . Critically understand of specific analytical skills in key areas within management accounting at local and international level

Whether Ritalin is Overprescribed or Not :: Argumentative Ritalin Prescription Drugs Essays

Whether Ritalin is Overprescribed or Not Is Ritalin the Answer to AD (H) D?The tousled brown hair that weaves so mischievously around his head may hint at the way he feels inside. He is seven-years-old and has already had to repeat a grade. He has an imagination that puts others to shame, but nothing seems to hold his attention for more than five minutes. He was recently diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, or what we call AD (H) D.This scene is all too familiar for individuals who discover that they, too, have this learning disorder as they progress from elementary school to college. And in today's society we want a "quick fix" to remedy our problems. Therefore doctors are prescribing the drug, Ritalin, to control AD (H) D. Although Ritalin is a widely used drug to control AD (H) D, there are other safer alternatives to combat this worldwide disorder.Ritalin, like many other drugs, has several side effects-some of which are severe. Ritalin is in a class of drugs called Methylphetamines. These types of drugs (also called Central Nervous System or CNS stimulants) affect our central nervous system that controls everything from thought process to everyday breathing. Ritalin's major side effects influences the cardiovascular system (palpitation, tachycardia, and increased blood pressure), the central nervous system (psychosis, dizziness, headache, insomnia, tic syndromes, attacks of Gilles de la Tourette), gastrointestinal (anorexia, nausea), endocrine/metabolic system (weight loss, growth suppression). Also, Ritalin is a fairly new drug (introduced in the early eighties). It hasn't been around long enough to study the long-term effects.Since Ritalin is a Methylphetamine (closely related to the amphetamine f amily, such as cocaine), it has a high rate of abuse. In light of methylphenidate's abuse liability, it is important to note the tremendous increase in availability of this substance and the expanded population (adolescents and adults) receiving prescriptions for the treatment of AD (H) D. For example, the production quota for methylphenidate has increased from 1,361 kg in 1985 to 10,410 kg in 1995 with the primary increases occurring in the last five years. This drug is abused in two ways. One way is for recreational purposes. The abusers use the drug as a form of "speed" to pick themselves up. They feel that they need this in order to be "alive" and full of life. The other way this drug is abused is very different. Students are using Ritalin as a study aid.

Romeo and Juliet Compare and Contrast Essay

Nowadays, it is almost impossible to revive old traditions from the past and appreciate them in our modern and exponential times. However, there still are possibilities to cherish some of the archaic literature today that were written so long ago. Celebrated as one of the greatest dramas of all time, Romeo and Juliet depicts a tragedy of two lovers who come from feuding families. The play was first written in the 1500s by William Shakespeare. Almost four-hundred years later, the tragic play was made into a movie in 1968 by Franco Zeffirelli.There are similarities in props and scenes, and distinctions between the original play and the 1968 movie considering the moods and plot details. Either way, the play and the 1968 movie both have glorious presentations. As for the mood, there a few differences between the two versions of the tragedy. In the dialogue of marriage in the play, Romeo and Juliet are serious and sedate. In Zeffirelli’s version of the play, the marriage scene make s Romeo and Juliet to look almost like fools of young love because they are constantly kissing and giggling.In a marriage, the bride and groom are to be calm and patient because it is an important step in their lives, and the play shows this kind of character. The movie does not portray this realistic kind of character. During the â€Å"funeral† ceremony for Juliet, the Friar Lawrence made a giggle because he already knew about the secret plan. This part destroyed the sad and mischievous mood of the scene. Nevertheless, I believe the play and Zeffirelli’s movie did a great job in explaining the tragedy, but the movie could have been a lot more enticing if it weren’t for those minor slip-ups.The play also could have used some help because it felt like the characters lacked some expression unlike the movie, but I cannot criticize which one was better because the play is the way it is to be. One thing that the movie and the play collaborated together, were the prop s and scenes. Full of old-fashioned dresses and rocky buildings, both productions have a very 1500s mood. Aside from the moods of the play, some of the plot details have been left out in both the movie production and the play. The play does a good job of explaining why Romeo was upset with Rosaline.The movie-viewers are confused up to why Romeo is upset. Besides, if it weren’t for Rosaline, Romeo would never have met Juliet in the first place. I believe the wedding scene in the movie was a good choice, which wasn’t shown in the play. The viewers would be confused at a point when watching the play because they would not know if Romeo and Juliet get married or not. Zeffirelli’s movie shows the marriage scene of Romeo and Juliet which made the plot clearer. One thing that seemed constant and realistic in the movie is the number of deaths in the tragedy.The play shows the tragedy of six deaths, while the movie shows only four deaths. One of the goals that most movie -makers have in order to make a successful movie is to leave the audience on happy note and not depressed. Unlike from Shakespeare, who wanted to express dramatic, tragic, and young love, Zeffirelli did what was best for the audience and plot of the movie by decreasing the number of deaths in his production. Plus, I do appreciate the fact that the movie actually follows the play, unlike other movie productions of stories. The plot details in the scenes seemed pretty constant overall.Unable to admire obsolete literature, we often tend to forget the old saying, â€Å"old is gold. † Romeo and Juliet is a tragic play written in the 16th century by William Shakespeare. The tragedy tells a legend about two young lovers who come from long-rivaling families. In 1968, Franco Zeffirelli made this play into a movie, after realizing the beauty of this tragedy. However, there are similarities and difference between the two production like mentioned earlier. Nevertheless, the original play and the 1968 movie tend to be some of the greatest classics to be told.

Inculcation Of Lower Level Military Diplomacy International - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2187 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Topics: Military Essay Did you like this example? Foreign policy is the system of activities evolved by communities and nations for changing the behaviour of other states and for adjusting their own activities to the international environment. The foremost task of foreign policy analysis must be to throw light on the ways in which states attempt to change, and succeed in changing the behaviour of other states. George Modelski INTRODUCTION 1. Perception Management is the art of shaping up the public opinion of a target audience in coherence with the overall national, political and military objectives as defined by a nation states policy on international relations. Public Diplomacy is a major component of the Perception Management strategy besides Public Information, Information Operations and Psychological Operations, the last being the only defined tool in the realms of diplomacy in the military domain. In the post cold war world the role of diplomacy has visibly changed and expanded in the face of far more unstable international conditions. This is partly because of the emergence of complex relationships between a large number of power centres, including nation states, states run by military forces, United Nations Organisation, Non Governmental Organisations as well as non-state actors. These developments are adding to the machinery of diplomacy and modifying the established character of diplomacy in significant wa ys. The scope of diplomatic practice has grown to adapt to the changing needs of changing international environments. It is evident in the contemporary world order that the diplomatic techniques have altererd in response to new needs and it is of paramount importance that India too, as an aspirant world power, restructures its Perception Management campaign by adapting to the contemporary needs of the changing environments in the international relations. While Military Diplomacy is a new dimension to a nations diplomatic efforts, India is still lacking in using this critical tool of state-craft in pursuance of its overall national objectives. METHODOLOGY STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 2. It is felt that Military Diplomacy in Indian context is being exercised with shallow understanding of the subject and its implementation by Indian higher echelons is a stand-alone effort without judiciously utilising all the resources available within the Indian military system. This study seeks to highlight the missing link in the overall scheme of Indian Military Diplomacy, that there is a need to inculcate an understanding at the joint services level to appreciate the growing importance of military diplomacy at the lower levels in armed forces across the world, and tap vast potential available in the Indian system that is presently being under-utilised. HYPOTHESIS 3. A top-down approach in implementing military diplomacy can not in itself achieve the larger aim of an effective and credible national military diplomatic effort. Higher level military diplomacy needs to be complemented at lower levels also to include lower echelons of military ambassadors to achieve the desired national objectives. JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY 4. After the two World Wars, the wars of Iraq-Iran, the Vietnam War and the Arab Israel wars, there was a lull at the international stage for some years and only the cold war ensued. The end of cold war brought some limited wars into focus li ke Chechnya conflict, Georgian war, Kargil war, Ethiopia-Eritrea conflict, Invasion of Kuwait and Global War on Terror (GWOT). With these military and semi-military confrontations, the military aspects of diplomacy are gaining significance. International powers like the USA, France, UK, Germany and Australia have embarked on using military as an indispensible tool in the overall perception management operations by specialising cadres in the military ranks to perform the said role. China and Pakistan have also been noticeably leveraging their national policies with a well structured Defense Diplomacy campaign. Though India is also on board the initiative, however, present understanding of Indian Military Diplomacy and its implementation is only broad based and not total without effectively employing and integrating the potential available at lower echelons of military hierarchy also. 5. Immediate Relevance of the Problem. It is felt that a large pool of human resource within the t hree services in the Indian defense forces presently goes untapped towards contributing in the overall implementation of military diplomacy in the contemporary scenario. There is a felt need to focus on the issue, research on any existing policy guidelines or mechanism to unify the overall effort in this direction to include selection criteria and training of military diplomats, and arrive at recommendations by way of creating a structure and mechanism in our organisation so as to optimally channelise the available potential within the defense forces towards a planned and well defined perception management campaign at the national level. 6. Essence of The Subject. (a) State craft is no longer the privilege of only politicians and bureaucrats. In the contemporary geo-strategic environment, it is equally relevant to all Official State Ambassadors, irrespective of their level. The sphere of influence of a lower echelon military ambassador would be limited in scope, but is more in formal and would in effect be more intense and specific to a particular community. (b) Deployment of large military human resource abroad on official assignments with no defined military aim is a futile exercise and wastage of a potent tool of practicing state craft. Realistic thinking indicates that à ¢ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ÃƒÆ'†¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Friendships cannot be thrust upon or pushed down, but friends can push-up betterment of overall relations. In the prevalent global order marred with numerous and frequent military confrontations amongst states and equally among states and non-state actors, military diplomacy is one tool that can assist in achieving a higher degree of understanding amongst the affected sides and preclude or limit military stand-offs. (c) Manoeuvring the minds of the adversaries is a known form of military conduct. However, in the new world order, it is the art of influencing and shaping the perceptions of the neutral world community as well that would fall in the realms of manoeuvristic ethos of the militaries. As an aspirant global power and permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, it is imperative that India puts its best foot forward in shaping the world opinion in its favour in all perspectives. Military per se, is a far reaching and most effective tool in conduct of such a Perception Shaping Campaign by the virtue of its multifarious engagement capability of the international community at all levels of hierarchy. SCOPE 7. This study concentrates on highlighting the incomplete implementation of military diplomacy in the Indian context with a view to bring out recommendations to ameliorate the overall structure, process and mechanism to unify the approach towards achieving the desired national and military objectives. METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION 8. The subject in reference is understood to have not been addressed by many renowned writers or defense analysts in any dedicated books. The process of collection of data would hence be more inclined towards non-documentary sources to include views of individuals with expertise or experience on the subject and institutional / organisational feedbacks. 9. Notwithstanding the above stated limitations, the subject research would encompass the following. (a) Books on Indian Foreign Policy and Diplomacy of India. (b) Reference from Indian Military / Army Doctrine (unclassified portion only). (c) Articles on the subject on internet. (d) Interaction with civilian / defense experts on the subject. (e) Interaction with individuals with experiences in relation with the study. (f) Feedbacks from Governmental offices / organisations and military branches / directorates (open sources only). (g) Perspectives of foreign student officers attending DSSC 66 course. (h) Defense magazines / journals. 10. Research Cycle. The following issues will be considered during the research and appropriately streamlined t o prove / disprove the proposed hypothesis. (a) Changing geo-strategic scenario and Indias increasing role in the world order. (b) Role of Indian Military to support National aims / objectives, or exert the will of the nation. (c) What is being achieved and what are the shortcomings of present Military involvement in overall national defense diplomacy design. (d) Higher echelons / political leaders influence the public opinion of their peoples, however it is by a feed and eat approach. The populace does not form its own opinions to the extent of influencing the outcome of a nations attitude towards a subject country, in this case, India. (e) As India looks into the future into next two decades or so, she sees a glimpse of a potential geo-strategic power poised to shaping up the world opinion. To do so, the efforts to channelize world opinion in our favour must be oriented towards an all encompassing approach to include a top-down, a bottom-up as also a lateral engagem ent of the worlds diaspora. (f) Military continues to be pivotal in formulating national responses in the foreseeable future, and hence it becomes even more important to plan and execute shaping up the military opinion the world over in our favour right from now on. (g) It is natural that the Captains of today will be the Generals of tomorrow. A favourable opinion towards India built in today, will pay rich dividends when it would matter the most in the times to come. (h) Role of Indian Armed Forces interactions with the international Military components in various forums as follows:- (i) UN Missions (as Military Observers (MILOBs), Staff Officers (SOs), Military Contingents and on civilian staff vacancies.) (ii) Foreign training exchange programs to include Military Training Teams and Military courses. (iii) Deputations as Military or Defense Attaches (MAs / DAs). (iv) Multinational / Bilateral Military Exercises. (v) Training Visits or observer exchange pr ograms to / from friendly foreign countries. (vi) Equipment trials during new military hardware acquisitions. (vii) Joint participation in humanitarian assistance missions like Tsunami relief. (viii) Multi-national operations like anti-piracy operations. (ix) World Military Games meets. (x) Strategic level military conferences / forums like IONS (Indian Ocean Naval Symposium). (xi) Nepalese contribution to IA. (xii) Military Martial Music Exchange Programs. (j) Convictions on Present Status of Indian Military Diplomacy in Lower Echelons. (i) Vast Indian military resource being deputed / employed without any dedicated thought / foresight in the future. (ii) Selection procedure for important foreign missions / assignments and preparation for appointments / roles not streamlined to meet national and military diplomatic objectives. (iii) Superficial handling of the matter by all concerned at the Integrated Headquarters of Ministry of Defense (IHQ of MOD) and non-accountability of officers or personnel on foreign assignments towards their contribution to the overall system during their tenures. (iv) Foreign assignments more focused and sought for personal financial gains and not oriented towards a national diplomatic effort. (v) Presently, individualistic approach is predominant in whatever lower level military diplomatic interactions take place at various forums. No dedicated thought or effort goes into addressing a particular nations community as a whole at lower level military interactions. No unified policy guides such good opportunities which are mostly informal yet influential, albeit sometimes would pay dividends after considerable period of time. (vi) Presently, no institutionalised training is imparted to handle such diplomatic opportunities by our lower level ambassadors. No objectives are defined by higher offices that should guide our actions when on such assignments. (vii) Despite a huge military diaspora fr om India contributing all over the globe as also when not being available for in country military service, this potential still remains untapped and non-channelized primarily because of the following. (aa) No defined policy / doctrine on the subject. (ab) No structure / mechanism in place to do the needful. (ac) Such a role not chartered to any existing organisations / military branch / directorate. (ad) Selection for assignments, and post employment not synchronous. (ae) Briefings debriefings by selected few desks in Military Intelligence (MI) / Service Duties (SD) Directorates usually a formality. (viii) System of time bound foreign assignment bans is purely mathematical and has merits and demerits in the existing practical aspects, however, for military diplomacy, non availability of an experienced person for a follow up assignment could actually prove detrimental to the larger scheme of things. CHAPTERISATION 11. It is proposed to study the subject in th e following manner. (a) Chapter-I. Introduction. (b) Chapter-II. Trace the advent of Military Diplomacy. (c) Chapter-III. Scope of exercising Military Diplomacy as part of overall National Diplomatic effort. (d) Chapter-IV. Various tools available to practice Military Diplomacy. (e) Chapter-V. Relevance of Military Diplomacy in Indian context and present status of implementation. (f) Chapter-VI. Present Status of Military Diplomacy at Lower Echelons. (g) Chapter-VII. Structures, processes and mechanisms required to address the issue. (h) Chapter-VIII. The way forward in the future. (j) Chapter-IX. Recommendations. (k) Chapter-X. Conclusion. CONCLUSION 12. There is certainly a need to address the issue of channelising the foreign assignees from the defense forces to perform their duties in accordance with a well defined policy / doctrine dictated by the overall national and military objectives. Military ambassadors at various levels serve as best t ool to exercise military diplomacy and to shape up the international opinion in our nations favour by reaching the roots of a foreign military and delivering the essence of Indias correct perspective. Practicing Military diplomacy should not be restricted only to higher echelons of political, diplomatic and military chairs, but should become a part and parcel of all state actors in whatever capacity they represent the nation state. Practicing state craft must become second nature to all military personnel in India and Military Diplomacy a common subject of mutual understanding. Don’t waste time! 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